Engineers were unable to resolve a hydrogen leak, which led the launch director to call off (Saturday’s Sept. 3, 2022) flight.
By guest author Kenneth Chang from the New York Times. Kenneth Chang has been at The Times since 2000, writing about physics, geology, chemistry, and the planets. Before becoming a science writer, he was a graduate student whose research involved the control of chaos.
Christine Chung contributed reporting.
Sept. 3, 2022 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. — Before the first launch attempt of the Artemis I mission last Monday, Wayne Hale, a former programme manager of NASA’s space shuttle programme, shared a note of caution on Twitter that the day could end up disappointing:
Bill Harwood, a longtime space reporter at CBS News, responded, “I think you’re being optimistic!”
In the past week, their words have been prophetic. On Saturday, when NASA tried for a second time to launch the Artemis I mission’s Space Launch System rocket, a large leak in a hydrogen fuel line stymied engineers. They tried several times to fix it before the launch director, Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, decided at 11:17 a.m. that it was time to scrub the day’s flight.
“This is part of our space programme,” said Bill Nelson, the NASA administrator, in an appearance on NASA TV Saturday afternoon. “Be ready for the scrubs.”
NASA will have to try again another day, possibly not until sometime in October. Officials said during a news conference Saturday afternoon that they need to do considerable work first to understand and fix the problem before they are comfortable launching the rocket, which is to propel an uncrewed Orion capsule around the moon.
Lots of launches do not get off the ground on the first try. A couple of years ago, SpaceX’s first launch of NASA astronauts — the first such launch from American soil since the retirement of NASA’s space shuttles — reached the countdown’s final minutes before the flight was delayed because of bad weather. It launched three days later.
Lots of launches do not get off the ground on the second try, either. People like Wayne, Bill and me, who were working when the space shuttles were still flying, remember many delays, including recurring hydrogen leaks like the ones that have bedevilled the first two Artemis I launch attempts.
For me, that would be the STS-127 mission, in 2009. The space shuttle Endeavour was on the launchpad on June 13 that year, ready for yet another mission to send pieces of the International Space Station to orbit.
Just like the Artemis I countdown on Saturday, there was a hydrogen leak, and the launch was scrubbed.
Hydrogen is a powerful rocket fuel. But as the smallest of molecules, it is difficult to work with, leaking through the smallest of gaps. Often, leaks do not show up until the fuel lines are chilled to ultracold temperatures of minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit, where hydrogen becomes liquid. Worse, there is no way to check except during a countdown when liquid hydrogen starts flowing into the rocket.
After the first scrub of the STS-127 mission, the Endeavour launch was rescheduled for four days later, on June 17 at 5:40 a.m. Technicians replaced the misbehaving seal.
That posed a scheduling problem for me, as a blue-ribbon panel reviewing NASA’s earlier incarnation of return-to-the-moon plans had a full-day hearing scheduled for that day in Washington.
At 9 p.m., the night before, I hopped on a plane from Newark, N.J., to Orlando, Fla., picked up my rental car and drove to the Kennedy Space Center about an hour away. Fueling of Endeavour began…
…and a hydrogen leak appeared in the exact same spot. The launch was scrubbed again at 1:55 a.m. I drove back to Orlando, flew to Washington and made it to the hearing.
“Shortest trip to Florida ever: 8 hours,” I reported to my friends on Facebook. “Next stop: D.C., where I’ll spend at least as long. Thus solving the problem of being in two places in one day without invoking quantum mechanics.”
The next launch attempt was not until July 11.
That countdown that day never even started. The evening before, thunderstorms rumbled through the area, and two strong lightning bolts hit the launchpad. NASA engineers needed a day to check that the electrical jolt had not fried any of Endeavour’s systems. (At launch time, the skies were clear and calm.)
On July 12, the countdown started, the hydrogen did not leak, yet again, the launch was scrubbed. The weather had turned bad again, with lightning near the launchpad.
Ditto for the following day.
On July 15, on Launch Attempt Number 6, Endeavour roared to the sky.
Those hanging around Central Florida through the Labor Day weekend may yet get to see the Artemis I mission take flight. NASA could go for Launch Attempt Number 3 on Monday starting at 5:12 p.m. or during a short 24-minute window beginning at 6:57 p.m. on Tuesday.
Or perhaps people will need to return weeks from now to see the giant rocket soar.
I’ll be there.
By Eleanor Lutz Updated Sep. 3, 2022, 1:10 P.M. ET
Since the final Apollo mission in 1972, the moon has been undisturbed by human footsteps. But that may soon change. NASA plans to send astronauts back to the moon this decade in a series of spaceflights called the Artemis program.
The first planned launch is a test flight with no crew members aboard. NASA has postponed the flight twice so far, including on Saturday, because of technical issues during the launch countdown, and will reschedule a third try soon. Eventually, though no earlier than 2025, NASA will send astronauts for a weeklong stay near the moon’s south pole. The crew will include the first woman and the first person of color to walk on the moon, NASA said.
Instead of crew members, the first Artemis mission will carry into space three mannequins named Helga, Zohar and Commander Moonikin Campos. Helga and Zohar contain plastic models of radiation-sensitive organs, such as the uterus and the lungs, so that scientists can study how radiation in space may affect future astronauts.
The three mannequins will travel inside a spacecraft called Orion, specially designed to protect human crew members and experiments in space.
Orion will launch into space atop the Space Launch System, a new rocket that stands 322 feet tall and weighs almost six million pounds. The Space Launch System that will be used in Artemis I is one of the most powerful rockets ever developed by NASA, and can send a payload of almost 60000 pounds to the moon.
Artemis II, the second mission, will carry four astronauts around the moon and back to Earth. The crew’s trip will take them about 4600 miles above the far side of the moon. Depending on the position of the moon during the mission, this could be the furthest distance into the solar system that astronauts have ever traveled.
In Artemis III, astronauts will land a SpaceX Starship near the moon’s south pole while Orion waits in lunar orbit. The polar region is home to mysterious, permanently shadowed craters that have not seen sunlight in billions of years. The chemicals frozen inside could help scientists understand more about the history of the moon and the solar system.
If the Artemis III mission succeeds, NASA plans to regularly send crews to the moon. Its plans include a lunar base camp and an outpost spacecraft called Gateway stationed in lunar orbit.
In Artemis III, astronauts will land a SpaceX Starship near the moon’s south pole while Orion waits in lunar orbit. The polar region is home to mysterious, permanently shadowed craters that have not seen sunlight in billions of years. The chemicals frozen inside could help scientists understand more about the history of the moon and the solar system.
If the Artemis III mission succeeds, NASA plans to regularly send crews to the moon. Its plans include a lunar base camp and an outpost spacecraft called Gateway stationed in lunar orbit.